In his Sinfonia Concertante for violin, violoncello, oboe, bassoon and orchestra, Haydn combined typical stylistic features of the solo concerto with elements of the classic symphony. As a conductor, he was keenly aware of the extent to which individual orchestral players hankered after recognition as solo performers. Consequently this work, which was first performed in London on 9 March 1792, offers an opportunity for four soloists to demonstrate their virtuosity in competition with the orchestra. By making the violin the most prominent of the solo instruments, Haydn expressed his gratitude to the violinist Johann Peter Salomon, who was also the organizer of the London concerts. Leonard Bernstein began conducting Haydn’s orchestral works when he was still Music Director of the New York Philharmonic Orchestra. Since then, his interpretations of the symphonies have consistently met with unreserved critical acclaim. He, of all conductors, possessed precisely the qualities which Haydn’s music requires: grace, charm and a generous measure of wit. This production with the Vienna Philharmonic Orchestra was recorded in 1984.
Haydn, Symphony No.92 in G major “Oxford”
Having decided to award Haydn an honorary doctorate, the University of Oxford announced the performance of a new symphony as the highlight of the degree ceremony. However, the Oxford Symphony was in fact far from new: Haydn had already sold it to two other patrons. One of the previous customers was the Comte d’Ogny, a prominent Paris music lover who had included it in one of his own concerts; the other was the German aristocrat Prince von Oettingen-Wallerstein, who had been asking Haydn to write him a symphony for some time. The original manuscript of the work, which was only rediscovered in 1956, is now in the Bibliothèque Nationale in Paris. Leonard Bernstein began conducting Haydn’s orchestral works when he was still Music Director of the New York Philharmonic Orchestra. Since then, his interpretations of the symphonies have consistently met with unreserved critical acclaim. He, of all conductors, possessed precisely the qualities which Haydn’s music requires: grace, charm and a generous measure of wit. This production with the Vienna Philharmonic Orchestra was recorded in 1984.
Haydn, Piano Concerto in D major, Hob.XVIII:11
Haydn, Cello Concerto No.1 in C major, Hob.VIIb:1
Hailed as the finest cellist in the world, the ebullient “Slava” Rostropovich was an unabashed romantic who seemed to pour his Russian soul into every phrase, bowing long, songful lines with a subtle eloquence and purity of tone. Instead of constantly repeating the warhorses, he prodded composers into creating new works for him. Given his flawless technique and his sincere commitment to contemporary music, composers were more than willing to comply. Many works were written for him by some of the 20th century’s leading composers, including Shostakovich, Prokofiev, Britten, Bernstein, Penderecki and Lutoslawski. In addition to playing the cello, he was also a pianist and often accompanied his wife, the former Bolshoi prima donna Galina Vishnevskaya, at the piano. He made his conducting debut at the Bolshoi Theater in 1967 and first led the National Symphony Orchestra of Washington DC in 1975. He became Music Director of this orchestra in 1977 and remained at its head for 17 years. He is credited with having immensely raised both the standard and the status of the orchestra. Human rights were always a major concern for Rostropovich – and a major source of trouble. His troubles with the Soviet government began in 1968 after he and his wife showed support for the author Alexander Solzhenitsyn. Rostropovich and his wife suddenly became “invisible”, their engagements were cancelled, their names disappeared from their recordings, from program notes, from the annals of Russian music. The couple was allowed to leave the country in 1974 following the intervention of Leonard Bernstein. After playing at the Berlin Wall in November 1989, Rostropovich made his triumphal return to Russia in 1990 with the National Symphony Orchestra, and he returned several times to show his solidarity with his beleaguered country. Rostropovich died in Moscow on 27 April 2007.
Haydn, Cello Concerto No.2 in D major, Hob.VIIb:2
Hailed as the finest cellist in the world, the ebullient “Slava” Rostropovich was an unabashed romantic who seemed to pour his Russian soul into every phrase, bowing long, songful lines with a subtle eloquence and purity of tone. Instead of constantly repeating the warhorses, he prodded composers into creating new works for him. Given his flawless technique and his sincere commitment to contemporary music, composers were more than willing to comply. Many works were written for him by some of the 20th century’s leading composers, including Shostakovich, Prokofiev, Britten, Bernstein, Penderecki and Lutoslawski. In addition to playing the cello, he was also a pianist and often accompanied his wife, the former Bolshoi prima donna Galina Vishnevskaya, at the piano. He made his conducting debut at the Bolshoi Theater in 1967 and first led the National Symphony Orchestra of Washington DC in 1975. He became Music Director of this orchestra in 1977 and remained at its head for 17 years. He is credited with having immensely raised both the standard and the status of the orchestra. Human rights were always a major concern for Rostropovich – and a major source of trouble. His troubles with the Soviet government began in 1968 after he and his wife showed support for the author Alexander Solzhenitsyn. Rostropovich and his wife suddenly became “invisible”, their engagements were cancelled, their names disappeared from their recordings, from program notes, from the annals of Russian music. The couple was allowed to leave the country in 1974 following the intervention of Leonard Bernstein. After playing at the Berlin Wall in November 1989, Rostropovich made his triumphal return to Russia in 1990 with the National Symphony Orchestra, and he returned several times to show his solidarity with his beleaguered country. Rostropovich died in Moscow on 27 April 2007.
Haydn, Symphony No.94 in G major “Surprise”
Haydn’s Symphony No. 94 in G major, which was first performed on 23 March 1792, testifies to the composer’s marked sense of musical fun. In a parody of the conventional practice of the time, the second movement proceeds at a slow, measured pace which sends the listener almost to sleep, only to be rudely awakened by a sudden loud stroke of the timpani. This touch of mockery is typical of the composer’s roguish sense of humor. Haydn told his biographer Gieringer that his principle motive for writing the symphony was the wish to put his pupil and rival Ignaz Pleyel firmly in his place – an aim in which he undoubtedly succeeded. Leonard Bernstein began conducting Haydn’s orchestral works when he was still Music Director of the New York Philharmonic Orchestra. Since then, his interpretations of the symphonies have consistently met with unreserved critical acclaim. He, of all conductors, possessed precisely the qualities which Haydn’s music requires: grace, charm and a generous measure of wit. This production with the Vienna Philharmonic Orchestra was recorded in 1986.
Haydn, Symphony No.88 in G major
Haydn is generally seen as one of the main originators of the “Viennese sound”, the inimitable style of playing which is still very much alive today and is particularly cultivated by the Vienna Philharmonic Orchestra. This orchestra has Haydn’s music in its blood, and its interpretation of his symphonies demonstrates a supreme confidence, musical sophistication and lightness of touch. As a noted American music critic remarked following a performance of the Oxford Symphony conducted by Leonard Bernstein: “Let’s have no further argument: the Vienna Philharmonic is the world’s greatest orchestra.” Leonard Bernstein began conducting Haydn’s orchestral works when he was still Music Director of the New York Philharmonic Orchestra. Since then, his interpretations of the symphonies have consistently met with unreserved critical acclaim. He, of all conductors, possesses precisely the qualities which Haydn’s music requires: grace, charm and a generous measure of wit.
Haydn, Piano Sonata in A flat major, Hob.XVI:46
Ivo Pogorelich was born in Belgrade on 20 October 1958. After his classical training at the Moscow Conservatory, he took master classes from Aliza Kezeradze, whom he married in 1980. In 1978 he won the Casagrande Competition in Italy and in 1980 the International Music Competition in Montreal. At the International Chopin Competition in 1980, his spectacular failure to win the first prize made him famous overnight. Martha Argerich, member of the jury, protested: “Pogorelich is a genius!” Since then, Pogorelich has been pursuing a brilliant international career. His often controversial and always stunning interpretations confirm the originality of his talent and intellect. The artist founded the “Ivo Pogorelich Festival” in Bad Wörishofen in 1989, an event dedicated to the promotion of young artists. In 1993 he launched the Ivo Pogorelich Piano Competition in California. Our program was recorded at the Castello Reale in Racconigi near Turin, one of the residences of the Italian royal family.
Die Schöpfung (The Creation) Hob.XXI:2
Haydn began writing the oratorio “Die Schöpfung” (The Creation) in 1795; it was given its first performance at the palace of Prince Schwarzenberg in Vienna in 1798. Haydn’s life’s work reached its climax and its conclusion in The Creation and in the oratorio The Seasons, written in 1801. Shortly before his death in 1808, Haydn attended another gala performance of The Creation which was received by the audience with wild enthusiasm. Leonard Bernstein’s recording of this work was made at the Benedictine Abbey of Ottobeuren in 1986 with the chorus and Symphony Orchestra of the Bavarian Radio with soloists Judith Blegen, Thomas Moser, Kurt Moll, Lucia Popp and Kurt Ollmann. Bernstein himself said of The Creation: “In the beginning of this awesome musical version, Haydn created one of the supreme music dramatizations of all time: the depiction of chaos, as he entitled it – that pre-terrestrial chaos depicted in Genesis by the single line: ‘And the Earth was without form, and void; and darkness was on the face of the Deep’. This musical depiction is of a beauty almost frightening in its chromatic and dissonant texture – something outside of Time, and certainly outside of the 1790s, when it was written. … Haydn’s The Creation gives us time to remember – and rejoice in – the purity and grace and fortitude of Nature, to saunter blissfully through that Garden of Gardens along with Adam and Eve; to restore our souls, to recover our moral strength, and to rediscover our power to praise.”
Haydn, Missa in tempore belli (English introduction included)
The title of the work “Missa in tempore belli” (Mass in Time of War) recalls the war conducted by the Austrian Emperor Franz against France, whose young general Bonaparte was then rushing from one victory to the next. In August 1796 Vienna had to mobilize its troops. The subtitle “Paukenmesse” or Kettledrum Mass, comes from the prominent timpani and brass instruments in the last section of the Mass. The dramatic military sounds are made all the more striking as Haydn transforms the music into a fervent prayer for peace. Leonard Bernstein led this performance of the Mass at the Basilica of Ottobeuren on 30 September 1984 with the Chorus and Symphony Orchestra of the Bavarian Radio. The soloists were Judith Blegen (soprano), Brigitte Fassbaender (alto), Claes H. Ahnsjö (tenor) and Hans Sotin (bass). Bernstein said: “How does it feel to conduct a Haydn mass in this extraordinary, deeply impressive setting of the Ottobeuren Basilica? It feels perfect. If I had to imagine this mass visually and translate it into architectural terms, from one art to another, or in decorative terms – this is what I would imagine. It is the Haydn Mass.”