The American Ballet Theater is one of the most renowned classical dance companies in the world. The company’s long history is strongly linked with Antony Tudor, George Balanchine and Jerome Robbins, three of the most distinguished choreographers of our century. With its strong contrast between the realistic peasants of the first act and the disembodied spirits of the second, “Giselle” can be considered as romantic ballet at its peak. Following the premiere of David Blair’s choreography of “Giselle” for the American Ballet Theater in 1969, the New York press acclaimed Carla Fracci and Erik Bruhn as one of the most convincingly harmonious partnerships at work on the ballet stage.
Verdi, Messa da Requiem
Originally performed at La Scala in 1967 to celebrate the tenth anniversary of Toscanini’s death, this production with the orchestra and chorus of the Teatro alla Scala was presented in Moscow, Montreal and New York, in addition to Milan. It was recorded on film in 1967, now with the young Luciano Pavarotti replacing Carlo Bergonzi. One of Karajan’s earliest film productions (and his first color film), it reflects his innovativeness especially through his choice of Henri-Georges Clouzot as director. Clouzot was the creator of classic “films noirs” such as “Quai des Orfèvres” and “Wages of Fear”.
La Traviata
Acclaimed film and stage director Franco Zeffirelli spared no costs to reproduce the opulent settings of Violetta Valéry’s happiness and downfall. The unparalleled musical quality of the production is guaranteed by some of the world’s foremost musicians: New York’s Metropolitan Opera Orchestra, conductor James Levine and singers Teresa Stratas and Placido Domingo. As Violetta, Teresa Stratas strikes the right balance between emotional grandeur and physical weakness. And with his meltingly lyrical voice and magnetic stage presence, Placido Domingo embodies Alfredo Germont with a rarely seen passion.
Elektra
In this production, history, psychoanalysis and modern-day apocalyptic visions are presented with compelling urgency through Friedrich’s staging and Böhm’s artistic mastery. “Elektra” becomes a contemporary myth of desperate, unrelenting humanity. “Seldom before, surely, have the often erotic ideas of Hofmannsthal’s libretto been so explicitly delineated or its tragic grandeur so movingly realised. […] Leonie Rysanek, in her first and possibly only Elektra, surmounted the score’s superhuman demands with an interpretive achievement that crowns her career of more than 30 years. […] As a whole, the film showed that opera on television can be a great experience…” (Daily Telegraph)
Ariadne auf Naxos
This Vienna State Opera production, featuring Gundula Janowitz, René Kollo, Trudeliese Schmidt and Walter Berry with the Vienna Philharmonic conducted by Karl Böhm, drew rave reviews. In particular, the young Edita Gruberova as Zerbinetta was heralded as the “event of the evening,” whose “exquisite phrasing, sublime timbre and brilliant coloratura fireworks served up with witty and charming nonchalance brought her endless and justified ovations. This was clearly her final leap to the top of the world’s best vocalists.” (Vienna’s popular daily “Kurier,” 22.11.76)
Götterdämmerung
It began with a scandal, became the object of heated discussions, turned into a sensational success and finally blossomed into a legendary, standard setting production: Pierre Boulez’ and Patrice Chéreau’s epoch-making “Ring” cycle in Bayreuth, the “Centennial Ring”. When the production was premiered in 1976, there were brawls in the venerable Festspielhaus, with the audience divided into one mob roaring in favor and one screaming against. The main reason for the protests was Chéreau, who set the work in the time in which it was written and focused on the all-too-human passions that motivate gods and men alike. The grimy industrial era with its robber barons and suffering masses supplied the ideological underpinnings of Chéreau’s concept. Musical conservatives felt betrayed and cheapened by this association. The tide began to turn in 1977. Certain features were altered and the production began to have a more homogeneous feel. Finally, in 1980, its last year, the Ring concluded with a 90-minute ovation and 110 curtain calls. By the time Philips released the complete recording of this production in 1992, its legendary status had already begun to take shape: “Patrice Chéreau and Pierre Boulez not only wrote a major new chapter in Wagner interpretation with their Ring, but also carried out a revolution that affected all of musical theater. Since then, no production of the Ring has been able to come near to the concept put forward by Chéreau and Boulez.” (FonoForum) Unitel’s production, the first complete recording on film of Wagner’s Ring, marked the beginning of Unitel’s exclusive association with the Bayreuth Festival.
Parsifal
Parsifal is Wagner’s last opera. He named it “Consecration Play for the Stage,” and in so doing, tried to give the proper framework to what is in almost all aspects a sacred Christian play with music. Wagner also included mythology, mysticism and ancient Indian ideas in this work, whose origins he drew from Wolfram von Eschenbach’s famous courtly epic “Parsival”. But even earlier sources related to the legend of the Holy Grail were used by Wagner as a source for his poetic work. For 30 years no theater other than Bayreuth was allowed to perform “Parsifal” by order of Wagner. Only in 1914 did the work spread across the globe. Wagner achieved the essentially sacred atmosphere of the music through an instrumentation that evokes organ registration and often uses the instruments in groups (woodwinds, brass, strings). The leitmotivic work is less dense in Parsifal than in the Ring of the Nibelung. The brilliant songfulness of the world of the Grail is set against chromatic harmonies which, e.g. in the prelude to the third act, anticipate the twelve-tone music of the New Vienna School. The musical direction of this performance from the Bayreuth Festival is in the hands of Horst Stein; the stage director is Wolfgang Wagner, who also designed the sets. In the lead roles are renowned Wagner singers Siegfried Jerusalem, Hans Sotin, Bernd Weikl and Eva Randova.
Lohengrin
“Lohengrin” was premiered in Weimar in 1850 under the direction of Franz Liszt. The performance was a triumph for the composer, who, however, was unable to attend: he had been exiled for taking part in the 1848 uprisings in Dresden. Director Götz Friedrich took this historical background into account by having the radiant knight appear at the end dressed in black – a symbol for the dashed hopes of the German revolutionaries. The political message, however, generally pales before the aesthetic power of the images which depict the Middle Ages in a totally abstract manner. As Lohengrin, Peter Hofmann gives a performance that is dazzling in every gesture and every tone. Karan Armstrong replies with a very lyrical timbre and applies expressionistic means to convey sorrow, wonder and the bitterness of leave- taking. This production by Götz Friedrich was recorded at the Bayreuth Festspielhaus in 1982.
Arabella
The opera “Arabella” was the last work written by the creative team of Richard Strauss and Hugo von Hofmannsthal. It was given its premiere in Dresden on 1 July 1933 under the direction of Clemens Krauss. Hofmannsthal wrote that the lead role is “a mature and beautiful young woman who has looked too deeply into certain facts of life, and is a little scarred by cynicism and resignation.” The “mature” Arabella is played by Gundula Janowitz, who, in addition to her lovely singing, gives an inspired acting performance. As Mandryka, Bernd Weikl is an ideal partner, a man whose passion is constantly on the verge of breaking social conventions. Outstanding are Edita Gruberova and Martha Mödl in their minor roles. The Vienna Philharmonic is conducted by Sir Georg Solti.
Götterdämmerung
Unitel recorded Alfred Kirchner’s production of Wagner’s “Götterdämmerung”, with sets and costumes by Rosalie, in 1997, the fourth year in which it was shown. The production drew chiefly positive reactions from the press, even eliciting an audacious “stupendous” from the staid Vienna daily “Der Standard”. Unanimously lauded was James Levine’s musical direction. In its review of the 1994 premiere, Germany’s leading daily “Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung” underscored the superb orchestral playing and topped its encomium by adding that Levine “communicated to the Festival Orchestra the quality of tone which Wagner himself must have had in mind when speaking of ‘his’ orchestra…” In light of the superb music-making on and under the stage, most reviewers welcomed the rather Spartan goings-on among the gods and mortals in Rosalie’s outfits. On the whole, critics felt that the production adapted itself subtly to Levine’s epic musical concept. Kirchner presents a relatively straightforward depiction of the legend and lets the singers deploy their glorious instruments under the sensitive hands of James Levine. The production won over more and more theater-goers in the following two years, and in 1996 Vienna’s “Standard” was able to write: “After Siegfried, the audience … leapt up from their seats in jubilation, giving way to total ecstasy at the appearance of the conductor James Levine. No conductor has been so tempestuously acclaimed in Bayreuth since the days of Hans Knappertsbusch and Karl Böhm.”