The “Carmina Burana” is a manuscript collection of medieval songs which was discovered at the Bavarian monastery of Benediktbeuren in the 19th century. The songs glorify the secular aspects of life as a counterweight to the menaces of plague, war, terror and the Inquisition. The texts radiate the ribald, robust love of life shared by all social classes – nobility, clergy and peasantry. The premiere of “Carmina Burana” in Frankfurt/Main on 8 June 1937 caused an absolute sensation. It seemed as though Orff had reduced music to its most basic elements of rhythm and melody. He utilized the simplest harmonies and eliminated virtually all counterpoint and polyphony. Called a “scenic cantata” by Orff, the work was intended to be danced and staged. Horant Hohlfeld’s production enhances Orff’s music with its sensuality and primeval energy.
Macbeth
With its relentless dramatic continuum, Macbeth, Verdi’s early masterpiece and his tenth opera (premiered in Florence on 14 March 1847) rescued the composer from a creative crisis. In Macbeth Verdi created a successful synthesis of music and drama on which he was to guide himself from now on. Director Claude d’Anna and conductor Riccardo Chailly chose the version which Verdi prepared for Paris and was premiered there on 21 April 1865. As to the apparitions and supernatural aspects of the work, d’Anna says that he always “tried to find theatrical rather than cinematic solutions. … Solutions had to result from the work’s own symbolic logic, not simply from technology.”
A Quiet Place
In 1986 Bernstein conducted a refined version of his own opera A Quiet Place in Vienna. It contains singable late romantic melodies as well as Broadway musical sounds, syncopated jazz rhythms and well-tempered modernity and, of course, a masterful instrumentation. Estranged family members recall the history of their relationships with each other and with their dead mother. The next morning, after breakfast and games in the garden – the “quiet place” –, they find that their hostility has given way to reconciliation.
Cardillac
The world premiere of “Cardillac” in 1926 placed Hindemith in the forefront of contemporary composers. In 1952 Hindemith thoroughly revised the work, which originally celebrated the principle of uncompromising artistic license; the artist, whose only obligation is to his creations, stands outside the moral and ethical norms of society. For his production, Jean-Pierre Ponnelle chose the original version, which he found “more cheeky, youthful, aggressive. Cardillac was written during the great age of German expressionist film: Nosferatu, M, Caligari, Metropolis. For stylistic reasons alone I have put Cardillac in this milieu. I use elements of the expressionist film in the lighting, in the gestures, in the costumes.”
Mitridate, Re di Ponto
Jean-Pierre Ponnelle and Nikolaus Harnoncourt have succeeded in turning the stylized figures of the ‘opera seria’ into living, flesh-and-blood characters. Written when Mozart was 14 and premiered at the Teatro Regio Ducale in Milan in December 1770, “Mitridate” faithfully adheres to the principles of the courtly opera seria. Such works were not expected to be realistic, but admirable and impressive, filled with coloraturas, cadenzas and vocal brilliance – much of it provided by castrati. Three of the roles in “Mitridate” were originally written for castrati and cast here with women (Farnace and Sifare) and a boy (Arbate). The production was filmed at the Teatro Olimpico in Vicenza, which was built by Andrea Palladio, one of the greatest architects of the Renaissance.
Die Zauberflöte (The Magic Flute)
“Don’t leave out the serious aspects, but don’t forget the humor either!” This, according to August Everding, was the basic idea behind his staging of “The Magic Flute”, which premiered on 30 August 1978 at the Bavarian State Opera. He wanted his Magic Flute neither too philosophical nor too comical, but sought instead to unite all the conflicting elements in this work: the fairy-tale magic, fun, brightness, intellectual depth and humanistic ideals. He also did not want to bore his audience with continuous scene changes behind a closed curtain. In order to realize Everding’s concept of an uninterrupted change of scenes, stage designer Jürgen Rose resorted to painted backdrops and architectural elements. Everding calls the result a mixture of timeless fairy tale and 18th century. For this production, Everding and Wolfgang Sawallisch revised and greatly shortened Schikaneder’s dialogues. The trio sung by Sarastro, Tamino and Pamina, for example, was moved forward a few numbers for dramaturgical reasons. According to Sawallisch, “in its original position, this trio is illogical and a ‘brake’.”
Il Ritorno d’Ulisse in Patria
In a rare display of unanimous praise, international music critics rated this cycle one of the greatest operatic events of its time. Although Monteverdi played a truly important role in the development of opera, only few major opera houses have ventured to present these three Baroque masterpieces. Years of intensive study by conductor Nikolaus Harnoncourt, not only of the transmitted scores but also of the instruments used in Monteverdi’s time, were necessary to provide a basis for the exceptionally high standard of the Zurich productions. Just how meticulously Harnoncourt and the celebrated stage director Jean-Pierre Ponnelle prepared themselves is made partly clear by the fact that the orchestra exclusively played original 17th-century instruments and specially-made copies for these productions. This in turn meant that each of the 39 members of the -awaited expansion of the standard opera repertoire had successfully been realized. What makes the Monteverdi cycle a unique project is the certainty that it can never again be repeated with quite the same quality and feeling.
Herzog Blaubarts Burg (Bluebeard’s Castle)
Bartók called his opera an “infinitely sad Adagio”. Inspired by Maurice Maeterlinck’s symbolist tale, the work takes us on a psychological journey into the soul of the legendary Bluebeard, who is depicted here not as a ruthless murderer but as a sorrowing, idealistic man. By using Hungarian singers, Sir Georg Solti has found the ideal cast for evoking the high drama and emotional depths of this Hungarian, yet universally moving opera.
The Turn of the Screw
The central dramatic situation of the opera, based on Henry James’s novella, lies in the conflict between the governess and two evil spirits, the former servant Quint and the former governess Miss Jessel, both of whom exerted a great influence on the two children and who after death – at least this is what the governess believes – are trying to establish their hold over the youngsters. The question of whether the ghosts really exist or are only a figment of the young woman’s feverish imagination remains open in the Henry James tale. Indeed, in the opera the ghosts are seen and heard; consequently, in the film, Petr Weigl leaves open the possibility that they are only imagined by the governess. The viewer can decide whether “The Turn of the Screw” is a fairy-tale battle between good and evil or a tragedy about destructive influences on inexperienced youth. Britten’s score stands in contrast to the abundance of ideas to be found both in the literary model and the libretto. The score is tighter and the music formally more consistent than in his other operas. The work consists of a prologue and 16 scenes which are connected by orchestral intermezzos – variations on the main theme. This main theme is a 12-tone scale which, however, Britten in no way considered to be a negation of tonal hierarchy, but rather as a ramification of that technique. “The Turn of the Screw”, written in 1954, was premiered that same year at the Teatro La Fenice in Venice with the English Opera Group.
L’Incoronazione di Poppea
In a rare display of unanimous praise, international music critics rated this cycle one of the greatest operatic events of its time. Although Monteverdi played a truly important role in the development of opera, only few major opera houses have ventured to present these three Baroque masterpieces. Years of intensive study by conductor Nikolaus Harnoncourt, not only of the transmitted scores but also of the instruments used in Monteverdi’s time, were necessary to provide a basis for the exceptionally high standard of the Zurich productions. Just how meticulously Harnoncourt and the celebrated stage director Jean-Pierre Ponnelle prepared themselves is made partly clear by the fact that the orchestra exclusively played original 17th-century instruments and specially-made copies for these productions. This in turn meant that each of the 39 members of the orchestra needed the qualifications of a soloist. It was not by accident that the recordings of all three productions won top international awards. This was simply further proof that a long-awaited expansion of the standard opera repertoire had successfully been realized. What makes the Monteverdi cycle a unique project is the certainty that it can never again be repeated with quite the same quality and feeling.